The question
What does a building structure in Dubai have to provide for a crane runway?
Short answer
The Dubai Building Code does not apply to cranes as structures but does apply to the industrial and storage buildings they run in.12 It does not say whether a runway belongs to the crane or to the building; on our reading the runway girders, brackets, columns, bracing and foundations are part of the building and are designed under Part F, which names crane girders among the features whose project-specific requirements set deflection limits.3 Our search found no crane-load clause in the Code: loads are defined by ASCE/SEI 7-16, the Code’s load standard, which this library does not hold.4 Members supporting vibrating machinery, vehicles or plant should be checked for fatigue; where fatigue is critical, the steel design shall be checked to Appendix 3 of AISC 360, with workmanship and quality assurance tests specified; on our reading that includes a crane runway.5 AISC 360-16 requires a fatigue evaluation of shapes and plate when live load is applied more than 20,000 times, limits the peak stress from cyclic loads to 0.66Fy, and requires the engineer of record to give either complete details or the planned cycle life and the ranges of moment, shear and reaction for the connections.6 Trakhees’ mobile crane guideline and DDA Circular 614 deal with lifting operations and lifting equipment, not with runway design.78
The crane is outside the Code; the runway structure, on our reading, is not
The Dubai Building Code does not apply to structures such as tents, cranes, storage racks, scaffolding, formwork and falsework.1 It does apply to the industrial and storage uses in which overhead cranes usually run, listed as factory, workshop and warehouse,2 and Part F covers buildings and structures or appurtenances connected to a building.9
The Code names crane girders once, in its deflection clause, among the project-specific features that set deflection limits.3 Our text search of the Code found the word crane only there and in the scope exclusion, and no crane-load clause. Table F.1 recommends a minimum design life of 10 to 25 years for replaceable structural parts, giving bearings and a gantry as examples, against 50 years for buildings, and the design life is agreed between the Engineer, the Owner and the Authority before design starts;10 the Code does not say whether a crane gantry girder is meant.
Practical consideration
The Code does not say in terms whether a runway belongs to the crane or to the building. On our reading, the crane itself (bridge, trolley, hoist, end carriages and controls) is the crane supplier’s product and is not designed under the Code, while everything that carries it is part of the building design: the runway girders and rail fixings, brackets or crane columns, surge and longitudinal bracing, the frame, the bases and the foundations. The Code’s mention of crane girders in its deflection clause supports that reading, but confirm it with the Authority on each project. If a runway girder is to be treated as a replaceable part with a shorter design life than the building, record that decision in the basis of design and agree it before design starts, as the Code requires for the design life.10
Crane loads: where they come from
Loads are defined by ASCE/SEI 7-16 together with section F.7 of the Code, and factored and combined to Chapter 2 of ASCE/SEI 7-16.4 The Code adds that minimum uniform live loads are not less than those of Chapter 4 of ASCE/SEI 7-16 and that concentrated live loads are evaluated for objects creating significant point loads, including machinery, vehicles and storage racks;11 cranes are not named.
Practical consideration
So the crane loads on the runway come from ASCE/SEI 7-16, the Code’s load standard, applied to the crane supplier’s data. This library does not hold ASCE/SEI 7-16, so its crane-load provisions, including any allowances for impact and for lateral and longitudinal forces, are not stated here. Before the runway is designed, obtain from the supplier in writing: the maximum and minimum wheel loads with the trolley at each end, the number and spacing of wheels on each end carriage, the crane span, the bridge and trolley self-weights, the rated capacity, the rail section and its fixing, the end-stop buffer forces, and the expected number of lifts over the life of the building.
SCI P399, a UK guide, describes the actions an electric overhead travelling crane applies to a portal frame: vertical loads from the payload and the crane’s self-weight; horizontal loads from braking and acceleration (surge) and from skewing, where equal and opposite forces transverse to the rail act at the ends of the crane carriage; and impact from the vertical acceleration of the payload when it is lifted.12 It is cited for what the actions are, not for their values, which on a Dubai project come from ASCE/SEI 7-16 and the supplier.
Runway girders under moving wheel loads
Section J10 of AISC 360 covers point loads acting at right angles to the flange of a wide-flange or similar built-up member, either one force alone or two forming a couple on the same side; where a limit state is not met, stiffeners or doubler plates are added and sized for the shortfall.13 For web local yielding, a force applied within one member depth of the member end uses 2.5k in place of 5k for the spread of load through the flange, with the bearing length lb unchanged; web local crippling, which applies to compressive forces, has a separate expression when the force is within half the member depth of the end.14
Practical consideration
A wheel load bearing through the rail on the top flange is a compressive concentrated force that moves, so the web checks apply at every position the wheel can reach, including over the girder supports and near the end stops, where the end expressions govern. How the rail spreads the load, the torsion from a lateral force applied at rail level above the shear centre, and the combined vertical and lateral bending of the top flange need a crane-runway design method that this library does not hold (see the gaps below), so agree the method with the reviewer.
Deflection, frame spread and alignment
The Dubai Code leaves crane girder limits to the referenced standards and the project-specific requirements, checked under the most adverse realistic arrangement of serviceability loads,3 and says steelwork deflection limits conform to AISC 360 and AISC Design Guide 3.15 AISC 360 requires deflections and drift to be limited so they do not impair serviceability, with values chosen for the structure’s function, and gives no numbers;16 AISC Design Guide 3 is not held by this library.
SCI P399 explains a portal-frame effect the runway design has to control. Under the vertical crane loads the frame columns deflect outwards and spread the runway beams; the end-carriage wheels are fixed relative to the rail on one side and free to move on the other, and that movement has to be limited to a value agreed with the crane supplier.12 The spread can decide the structural form: the guide lists lattice columns with the inner leg carrying the runway, independent pin-ended crane columns restrained laterally by the portal columns, and tied portals, and expects a portal carrying a crane to be designed elastically.17 Where crane girders are carried by the columns, moment-resisting bases may be needed to limit deflections.18 This is UK Eurocode practice, cited for behaviour only; P399’s numerical limits are not used here.
Practical consideration
Put the vertical and lateral girder deflection limits, the frame-spread limit at rail level and the rail alignment tolerances into the basis of design, taken from AISC Design Guide 3 as F.8.3.3 directs, the crane supplier or the project specification, and check them with the crane loads at serviceability level and full member stiffness. This library states none of those numbers, because the documents that would give them are not held. The portal-frame guide, Steel portal-frame warehouses in Dubai, covers the rest of the frame.
Fatigue: what a runway check turns on
Members supporting vibrating machinery, vehicles or plant should be checked for fatigue resistance, and where fatigue is critical steel is checked to Appendix 3 of AISC 360, with all design details, workmanship and quality assurance tests fully defined.5 On our reading a crane runway is such a member. The serviceability guide, Serviceability of steel structures in Dubai, covers F.8.9 and the general Appendix 3 provisions; this section keeps to what a runway designer needs.
The fatigue resistance of shapes and plate is determined when live load is applied more than 20,000 times, and no further evaluation is needed where the applied stress range is below the threshold FTH.6 The engineer of record either gives complete details, including weld sizes, or specifies the planned cycle life and the maximum ranges of moment, shear and reaction for the connections.6 The peak stress from cyclic loads is limited to 0.66Fy, a reversing stress range is the sum of its tensile and compressive parts, and the resistances are stated to apply to structures with suitable corrosion protection or subject only to mildly corrosive atmospheres.6
Stresses are calculated by elastic analysis and are not amplified by stress concentration factors, and bolts and rods in tension include prying.19 For stress categories A to E′ the allowable stress range is FSR = 6900 (Cf/nSR)^0.333 in MPa, not less than FTH (Eq. A-3-1M), where nSR is the number of stress-range fluctuations in the design life and Cf and FTH come from Table A-3.1 for the category of the detail.19 That table gives each detail a stress category and, for most categories, a constant Cf and a threshold FTH; for example, base metal of rolled or built-up beam webs and flanges at the toe of transverse fillet welds next to welded transverse stiffeners is category C, with Cf = 4.4 and FTH = 69 MPa.20 The table gives the other details.20
In bolted joints that are not pretensioned, or whose grip is not all steel, the bolts carry all the axial load and moment plus any prying. In pretensioned steel-grip joints the bolt stress range may come from a stiffness analysis of the bolts and connected parts, or be taken as the stress on the net tensile area from 20% of the absolute value of the cyclic axial load and moment applied from dead, live and other loads.21
Appendix 3 also sets fabrication and erection rules for fatigue.22 Longitudinal steel backing, if used, must be continuous, with any splice made by a ground-flush complete-joint-penetration weld; a reinforcing fillet of at least 6 mm is added at the re-entrant corners of transverse CJP T- and corner joints; thermally cut edges that see cyclic tension are finished to a roughness of 25 µm or less (ASME B46.1); and re-entrant corners at cuts, copes and access holes get the radius Table A-3.1 prescribes.22 In tension regions, transverse butt joints are made with weld tabs rather than end dams, and the tabs are later removed and ground flush; fillet welds loaded cyclically across outstanding angle legs or end-plate edges are returned round the corner by two to four times the weld size.23 A complete-joint-penetration groove weld may be given the allowable stress range of Eq. A-3-1M only if it has passed ultrasonic or radiographic testing to the acceptance criteria of AWS D1.1 clause 6.12.2 or 6.13.2.23
Those AWS clause numbers appear to follow an earlier edition. In AWS D1.1/D1.1M:2020, which this library holds, the radiographic and ultrasonic acceptance criteria for cyclically loaded nontubular connections are 8.12.2 and 8.13.2, in Clause 8, Inspection.2425 Specify the clause of the AWS edition the project adopts.
| Step | Value | Basis |
|---|---|---|
| Crane use | 20 lifts per working day, 300 working days a year; two wheels on each end carriage | Assumed; from the operator and the crane supplier in a real design |
| Period counted | 50 years | Table F.1 recommendation for buildings; the agreed design life governs |
| Stress cycles at the detail | Count wheel passes, not lifts: each lift taken as two crane passages (out and back), each of two wheels, and every wheel pass as one stress range: 20 × 2 × 2 × 300 × 50 = 1 200 000 | Our assumption; whether each wheel gives its own cycle or a pair acts as one depends on the wheel spacing and the girder span |
| Is a fatigue evaluation needed? | Yes: 1 200 000 is more than 20 000, which at this usage is passed in about 0.8 years | App. 3.1 |
| Detail | Web at the toe of the fillet welds of a transverse stiffener, near the tension flange: category C, Cf = 4.4, FTH = 69 MPa | Table A-3.1, case 5.8 |
| Allowable stress range | 6900 × (4.4 / 1 200 000)^0.333 = 106.8 MPa, not less than 69 MPa | Eq. A-3-1M |
| Applied stress range | 85 MPa for every wheel pass, conservatively including the unloaded return; dead load does not change the range | Assumed, from elastic analysis without stress concentration factors (App. 3.2) |
| Stress range check | 85 MPa is less than 106.8 MPa: acceptable for this count | App. 3.3 |
| Had lifts alone been counted | 300 000 cycles would give 169.5 MPa and overstate the margin | Eq. A-3-1M; our arithmetic |
| Peak stress | Dead plus crane 30 + 85 = 115 MPa, below 0.66 × 345 = 227.7 MPa for an A992M wide-flange girder | App. 3.1; Table F.5 |
| At 100 lifts a day | 6 000 000 cycles: the equation gives 62.5 MPa, so the 69 MPa threshold governs, and 85 MPa exceeds it; the detail fails and needs a better category or a lower stress range | Eq. A-3-1M; Table A-3.1 |
| Where the threshold takes over | At about 4.46 million cycles for category C | Our arithmetic from Eq. A-3-1M |
Crane use, wheel count, stresses and the one-cycle-per-wheel-pass count are assumptions for illustration; the 20,000-cycle trigger and the 0.66Fy limit are from Appendix 3.6 The equation and the category, constant and threshold of case 5.8 are from Appendix 3 and Table A-3.1;1920 the girder grade is from Table F.526 and the 50-year period from Table F.1.10 Unloaded passes and trolley positions give smaller ranges than the loaded pass, so a real load spectrum and cycle count, from the actual crane and girder, have to be agreed with the reviewer. Arithmetic checked by an independent recalculation. Illustration only.
Practical consideration
Count the cycles early, and from wheel passes rather than lifts: at the usage assumed in the example the 20,000-cycle trigger is passed in under a year, and the fatigue check can change the stiffener detail, the weld type and the inspection regime. In a crane building the runway girder, its welds and stiffeners, and its bracket or column connections are fatigue-critical, alongside any members carrying vibrating machinery, vehicles or plant, which F.8.9 also covers.5 On a coastal or industrial site, remember that the Appendix 3 resistances are stated to apply to structures with suitable corrosion protection or in only mildly corrosive atmospheres.6
Lateral and longitudinal crane forces: bracing and connections
SCI P399 describes, as UK practice, how crane forces reach the ground. Wall bracing takes horizontal forces, among them crane and wind forces, down to the foundations, and it also stabilises the frame during erection.27 When the frame carries the crane directly, the longitudinal surge acts at rail level, off the column’s axis, so the column will twist unless something restrains it; the guide suggests a horizontal truss at the girder’s top-flange level or, for light cranes, a member along the inner face of the column tied back to the wall bracing, with extra bracing in the girder’s own plane where the forces are large.28 It is cited for principle; its force bands are not used here.
Under the Dubai Code, bolted connections follow the AISC Steel Construction Manual and the specification for structural joints; welding should not be done on site unless it cannot be avoided, in which case the method of work is submitted for approval; and no connection may rely on welds and bolts together.29 AISC 360 requires the effects of connection slip to be included where slip could impair serviceability, with slip precluded where appropriate.30
Practical consideration
Trace each crane force to the ground and design every link for it. Transverse forces go from the rail into the girder top flange or a surge girder, then into the column and the frame; longitudinal forces go along the rail and girder to the braced bay in the crane line, then into the foundation; end-stop buffer forces go into the girder ends and their bracing. Each of these connections sees repeated load, so for the Appendix 3 check the engineer of record has to give their complete details, or the planned cycle life and their maximum ranges of moment, shear and reaction,6 and bolted joints that must not slip are designed as slip-critical.
Who provides what
| Item | Example entry | Basis |
|---|---|---|
| The crane | Bridge, trolley, hoist, end carriages and controls by the crane supplier; not designed under the Code | A.5.1 exclusion |
| Crane data | Wheel loads, wheel spacing, span, self-weights, capacity, rail, buffer forces and expected lifts, from the supplier in writing | Our recommendation; loads to ASCE/SEI 7-16 under F.7.1 |
| Runway structure | Girders, rail fixings, brackets or crane columns, surge and longitudinal bracing, frame, bases and foundations, by the building’s structural engineer | Part F scope, F.4.1, on our reading |
| Deflection and alignment limits | From AISC 360 and AISC Design Guide 3, with any tighter limits from the crane supplier or the project specification, written into the basis of design | F.8.3.1 and F.8.3.3 |
| Fatigue | Cycle life and ranges of moment, shear and reaction, or complete details including weld sizes, by the engineer of record | AISC 360 App. 3.1 |
| Workmanship and weld testing | Specified on the drawings; carried out by the fabricator and the inspection body | F.8.9; AISC 360 App. 3.5 and 3.6 |
| Lifting during erection | Contractor, under the rules of the licensing authority, for example Trakhees or DDA | The licensing authority’s lifting rules (for DDA, Circular 614, summarised in this guide); its temporary-works rules are not covered in this release |
| Permit and inspections | Consultant and contractor through Dubai BPS for Dubai Municipality projects | DM industrial buildings procedure |
Our example of how the work is usually divided, not an Authority rule. The crane exclusion and the Part F scope are in the Code;19 loads come from ASCE/SEI 7-16;4 deflection limits follow project-specific requirements such as crane girders and, for steelwork, AISC 360 and AISC Design Guide 3;315 the engineer of record’s fatigue duty is in Appendix 3;6 workmanship and quality assurance tests are specified under F.8.9;5 the lifting rules and permit steps are summarised in this guide.7831
For Dubai Municipality projects, industrial buildings follow the Municipality’s three-step online procedure through Dubai BPS: building permit, structural inspection of foundations and of concrete slabs or steel structures, and final inspection for completion and services connection; as printed, the sheet says steel structures are inspected for heights larger than G+1.31 The portal-frame guide summarises the steps and their cautions.
Site lifting rules
Trakhees’ Guidelines – Mobile Cranes (PCFC-TRK-CED-CS-G19, Rev. 02, January 2019) deal with choosing, testing, positioning and operating mobile cranes and with the competence of the people using them.7 DDA Circular 614 of 14 March 2025 requires lifting equipment on construction sites to be inspected and certified by EIAC-accredited companies and lifting personnel to be certified by EIAC-accredited bodies, with maintenance to the manufacturer’s recommendations and records kept on site.8
Practical consideration
Neither deals with runway design or with what the building structure must provide; they govern how the frame and the crane are lifted into place. Whether any rule governs the testing and inspection of a permanent overhead crane once the building is in use was not established from the documents this library holds.
What this library does not hold
Practical consideration
The documents that would normally give a crane runway’s loads, limits and detailing are not held, so this guide names them and states none of their contents: ASCE/SEI 7-16, the Code’s load standard; AISC Design Guide 3, which F.8.3.3 names for steelwork deflection limits;15 AISC Design Guide 7; the CMAA crane specifications; ASTM F1554; and the crane supplier’s data for the actual crane. Owner-supplied copies of the published documents, together with the supplier’s data sheet and the project specification, would close these gaps.
Crane runway: items the building design has to settle
- Crane supplier’s data in writing: wheel loads, wheel spacing, span, self-weights, capacity, rail, buffer forces and expected lifts
- Crane loads and combinations taken from ASCE/SEI 7-16 as adopted, with the source of each value recorded
- Runway girder checked for moving wheel loads, including web yielding and crippling at every wheel position
- Vertical and lateral deflection, frame spread and rail alignment limits stated with their source
- Cycle count from wheel passes, not lifts, over the design life compared with 20,000, and an Appendix 3 check of every girder, stiffener, bracket and connection detail if it is exceeded
- Fatigue details, weld types, reinforcing fillets, weld tabs and cut-edge finish shown on the drawings
- Ultrasonic or radiographic testing of fatigue-critical CJP welds specified to the adopted AWS D1.1 clause
- Lateral, longitudinal and buffer forces traced to the foundations through bracing and connections
- Corrosion protection adequate for the Appendix 3 resistances to apply
- Responsibility split, and the design life of any replaceable runway parts, agreed and recorded
- Lifting plan for erection under the licensing authority’s rules
A working list for a junior engineer. It is not an approval checklist.
Scope and limits
Practical consideration
Values are from the 2021 edition of the Dubai Building Code, ANSI/AISC 360-16 and AWS D1.1/D1.1M:2020 as read on the check date; later amendments and editions were not audited. ASCE/SEI 7-16, AISC Design Guides 3 and 7, the CMAA specifications and crane supplier data are not held, so no crane load, impact allowance, deflection limit or alignment tolerance is stated. Treating the runway as part of the building is our reading of the Code. SCI P399 is UK Eurocode guidance, cited for behaviour only; none of its values is used, and a small typing error on one cited page does not affect its meaning. The worked example is our arithmetic, not a fatigue design of any girder, and this guide is not a design or an approval.
Questions this guide answers
Source notes
Numbered notes point to the exact section and physical PDF page. Page numbers are the PDF viewer’s page, which can differ from the number printed on the page. Sources checked 25 September 2026. These notes support the statements; they are not a substitute for reading the current document for a project.
Dubai Building Code, 2021 Edition. Government of Dubai; official copy hosted by Dubai Development Authority. Part A, A.5.1 General, continuation: structures to which the DBC does not apply (printed page A10), PDF page 12. Open the publisher PDF at page 12 (opens in a new tab) ↩ ↩ ↩
Dubai Building Code, 2021 Edition. Government of Dubai; official copy hosted by Dubai Development Authority. Part A, A.5.1 General, Table A.2 Occupancies and use types (printed page A9), PDF page 11. Open the publisher PDF at page 11 (opens in a new tab) ↩ ↩
Dubai Building Code, 2021 Edition. Government of Dubai; official copy hosted by Dubai Development Authority. Part F, F.8.3.1 Deflection control, general (printed page F44), PDF page 370. Open the publisher PDF at page 370 (opens in a new tab) ↩ ↩ ↩ ↩
Dubai Building Code, 2021 Edition. Government of Dubai; official copy hosted by Dubai Development Authority. Part F, F.7.1 General and F.7.2 Load combinations (printed page F33), PDF page 359. Open the publisher PDF at page 359 (opens in a new tab) ↩ ↩ ↩
Dubai Building Code, 2021 Edition. Government of Dubai; official copy hosted by Dubai Development Authority. Part F, F.8.9 Fatigue (printed page F48), PDF page 374. Open the publisher PDF at page 374 (opens in a new tab) ↩ ↩ ↩ ↩
Specification for Structural Steel Buildings (ANSI/AISC 360-16), ANSI/AISC 360-16, July 7, 2016. American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC). Appendix 3 Fatigue, introduction and 3.1 General provisions, printed page 16.1-196. Publisher page (opens in a new tab) ↩ ↩ ↩ ↩ ↩ ↩ ↩ ↩
Guidelines - Mobile Cranes, PCFC-TRK-CED-CS-G19; Rev. 02 / January 2019 (cover indexed); index lists March 2019. PCFC / Trakhees Civil Engineering Department. Guidelines – Mobile Cranes, PCFC-TRK-CED-CS-G19, Rev. 02, January 2019: selection, testing and certification, positioning, training, communication and lifting, PDF page 2. Open the publisher PDF at page 2 (opens in a new tab) ↩ ↩ ↩
Circular 614: Lifting Equipment and Operations, 14 March 2025, PDF and index agree. Dubai Development Authority. Circular 614: Lifting Equipment and Operations, 14 March 2025, PDF page 1. Open the publisher PDF at page 1 (opens in a new tab) ↩ ↩ ↩
Dubai Building Code, 2021 Edition. Government of Dubai; official copy hosted by Dubai Development Authority. Part F, F.4.1 Application (printed page F11), PDF page 337. Open the publisher PDF at page 337 (opens in a new tab) ↩ ↩
Dubai Building Code, 2021 Edition. Government of Dubai; official copy hosted by Dubai Development Authority. Part F, F.5.2 Design life and Table F.1 Recommended minimum design life (printed page F13), PDF page 339. Open the publisher PDF at page 339 (opens in a new tab) ↩ ↩ ↩
Dubai Building Code, 2021 Edition. Government of Dubai; official copy hosted by Dubai Development Authority. Part F, F.7.5 Live loads, item a (printed page F34), PDF page 360. Open the publisher PDF at page 360 (opens in a new tab) ↩
Design of Steel Portal Frame Buildings to Eurocode 3 (SCI P399), 2015; verified PDF front matter. Steel Construction Institute. SCI P399, Section 2.3 Cranes (printed page 7), PDF page 19. Open the publisher PDF at page 19 (opens in a new tab) ↩ ↩
Specification for Structural Steel Buildings (ANSI/AISC 360-16), ANSI/AISC 360-16, July 7, 2016. American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC). Section J10 Flanges and webs with concentrated forces, introduction and J10.1, printed page 16.1-142. Publisher page (opens in a new tab) ↩
Specification for Structural Steel Buildings (ANSI/AISC 360-16), ANSI/AISC 360-16, July 7, 2016. American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC). Sections J10.2 Web local yielding and J10.3 Web local crippling, printed page 16.1-143. Publisher page (opens in a new tab) ↩
Dubai Building Code, 2021 Edition. Government of Dubai; official copy hosted by Dubai Development Authority. Part F, F.8.3.3 Steelwork deflection limits (printed page F45), PDF page 371. Open the publisher PDF at page 371 (opens in a new tab) ↩ ↩ ↩
Specification for Structural Steel Buildings (ANSI/AISC 360-16), ANSI/AISC 360-16, July 7, 2016. American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC). Chapter L, L1 General provisions, L2 Deflections and L3 Drift, printed page 16.1-165. Publisher page (opens in a new tab) ↩
Design of Steel Portal Frame Buildings to Eurocode 3 (SCI P399), 2015; verified PDF front matter. Steel Construction Institute. SCI P399, Section 2.3 Cranes, continued (printed page 8), PDF page 20. Open the publisher PDF at page 20 (opens in a new tab) ↩
Design of Steel Portal Frame Buildings to Eurocode 3 (SCI P399), 2015; verified PDF front matter. Steel Construction Institute. SCI P399, Section 11.3 Bases, base plates and foundations, continued (printed page 93), PDF page 105. Open the publisher PDF at page 105 (opens in a new tab) ↩
Specification for Structural Steel Buildings (ANSI/AISC 360-16), ANSI/AISC 360-16, July 7, 2016. American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC). Appendix 3, 3.2 Calculation of maximum stresses and stress ranges and 3.3 Plain material and welded joints, Eq. A-3-1M, printed page 16.1-197. Publisher page (opens in a new tab) ↩ ↩ ↩
Specification for Structural Steel Buildings (ANSI/AISC 360-16), ANSI/AISC 360-16, July 7, 2016. American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC). Appendix 3, Table A-3.1 Fatigue design parameters, Section 5, case 5.8, printed page 16.1-212. Publisher page (opens in a new tab) ↩ ↩ ↩
Specification for Structural Steel Buildings (ANSI/AISC 360-16), ANSI/AISC 360-16, July 7, 2016. American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC). Appendix 3, 3.4 Bolts and threaded parts, continued, printed page 16.1-200. Publisher page (opens in a new tab) ↩
Specification for Structural Steel Buildings (ANSI/AISC 360-16), ANSI/AISC 360-16, July 7, 2016. American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC). Appendix 3, 3.5 Fabrication and erection requirements for fatigue, printed page 16.1-200. Publisher page (opens in a new tab) ↩ ↩
Specification for Structural Steel Buildings (ANSI/AISC 360-16), ANSI/AISC 360-16, July 7, 2016. American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC). Appendix 3, 3.5 (continued) and 3.6 Nondestructive examination requirements for fatigue, printed page 16.1-201. Publisher page (opens in a new tab) ↩ ↩
Structural Welding Code - Steel (AWS D1.1/D1.1M:2020), AWS D1.1/D1.1M:2020, 24th edition. American Welding Society (AWS). AWS D1.1/D1.1M:2020 Clause 8 Inspection, 8.12 Radiographic testing, 8.12.2 (printed page 220). Publisher page (opens in a new tab) ↩
Structural Welding Code - Steel (AWS D1.1/D1.1M:2020), AWS D1.1/D1.1M:2020, 24th edition. American Welding Society (AWS). AWS D1.1/D1.1M:2020 Clause 8 Inspection, 8.13 Ultrasonic testing, 8.13.2 (printed page 221). Publisher page (opens in a new tab) ↩
Dubai Building Code, 2021 Edition. Government of Dubai; official copy hosted by Dubai Development Authority. Part F, Table F.5 Steel grades based on American specifications (printed page F30), PDF page 356. Open the publisher PDF at page 356 (opens in a new tab) ↩
Design of Steel Portal Frame Buildings to Eurocode 3 (SCI P399), 2015; verified PDF front matter. Steel Construction Institute. SCI P399, Chapter 9 Bracing, 9.1 Vertical bracing (printed page 81), PDF page 93. Open the publisher PDF at page 93 (opens in a new tab) ↩
Design of Steel Portal Frame Buildings to Eurocode 3 (SCI P399), 2015; verified PDF front matter. Steel Construction Institute. SCI P399, Section 9.1.3 Bracing to restrain longitudinal loads from cranes (printed page 82), PDF page 94. Open the publisher PDF at page 94 (opens in a new tab) ↩
Dubai Building Code, 2021 Edition. Government of Dubai; official copy hosted by Dubai Development Authority. Part F, F.6.5.4.1 Bolted connections and F.6.5.4.2 Welded connections (printed page F31), PDF page 357. Open the publisher PDF at page 357 (opens in a new tab) ↩
Specification for Structural Steel Buildings (ANSI/AISC 360-16), ANSI/AISC 360-16, July 7, 2016. American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC). Chapter L, L7 Connection slip, printed page 16.1-166. Publisher page (opens in a new tab) ↩
Industrial buildings: Building Permits Procedures, Publisher listing 26 October 2021; verify current portal. Dubai Municipality. Procedure of Issuing Building Permit and Building Completion Certificate from DM, 02 Industrial Buildings, version (4), Steps 1 to 3 (single page), PDF page 1. Open the publisher PDF at page 1 (opens in a new tab) ↩ ↩